Method of adjusting a pulse width modulation signal

ABSTRACT

A method for increasing performance of a voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator includes generating a first pulse-width modulation signal based on a clock signal, decreasing a frequency of the clock signal to form a modified clock signal, passing the modified clock signal to a digital modulation circuit as a regulated clock signal; and generating a second pulse-width modulation signal based on the regulated clock signal using the digital modulation circuit. The first pulse-width modulation signal includes a period T1 and an off duration D2 corresponding to a first duty cycle. The off duration D2 is an intrinsic pulse-width modulation signal generation latency. The second pulse-width modulation signal includes a period T2 and the off duration D2. The decreased frequency of the modified clock signal causes T2 to be greater than T1 such that a second duty cycle of the second pulse-width modulation signal is increased relative to the first duty cycle.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/570,660, filed on Sep. 13, 2019, which claims priority to French Patent Application No. 1858655, filed on Sep. 24, 2018, which applications are hereby incorporated herein by their reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Implementations and embodiments of the invention relate to a method of adjusting a pulse width modulation signal driving a buck switched mode voltage regulator.

BACKGROUND

In general, a conventional voltage-buck switched-mode power supply 1 includes, as illustrated in FIG. 1 , a voltage-regulating circuit, or regulator, 2 including an input 3 that is intended to receive an input voltage Vin, a power switch 4 having a closed state and an open state, an inductor 5 that is configured to store energy, a load 6 and a diode 7.

The voltage-regulating circuit 2 is configured to deliver an output voltage Vout that is lower than the input voltage Vin to the load.

When the power switch 4 is in the closed state, the diode 7 is in the off state and the current flowing through the inductor 5 increases.

When the power switch 4 is in the open state, the diode 7 is in the on state and the current flowing through the inductor 5 decreases.

The power switch 4 and the diode 7 are generally formed by transistors, here for example by a first transistor T1 and a second transistor T2.

The closed/open state of the first transistor T1 and the on/off state of the second transistor T2 are driven by a pulse-width modulation signal Spwm delivered by a control circuit 8 for controlling the switched-mode power supply 1.

The control circuit 8 is intended to receive a reference voltage Vref in order to set the output voltage Vout of the voltage regulator 2 via the pulse-width modulation signal Spwm.

The frequency or the period of the signal Spwm is generally dictated by a clock signal Clk.

As illustrated in FIG. 2 , each period Tpwm of the signal Spwm includes a first phase P1 having a duration D1 in which the power switch 4 is in the closed state and the diode 7 is in the off state, and a second phase P2 having a duration D2 in which the power switch 4 is in the open state and the diode 7 is in the on state.

The duty cycle RC of the signal Spwm is equal to D1/Tpwm or 1−D2/Tpwm and this duty cycle RC can vary according to the input Vin and output Vout voltages.

When there is only low dropout, for example lower than 0.4 V, between the input Vin and output Vout voltages, the switched-mode power supply operates in a low-dropout voltage mode.

In this case, the duty cycle RC of the signal Spwm remains high, i.e. close to 100%, so as to maintain the functionality of the voltage-buck switched-mode power supply.

However, since the control circuit 8 still exhibits an intrinsic latency in generating the signal Spwm, the duration D2 of the second phase P2 cannot therefore be completely eliminated. Consequently, the duty cycle of the signal Spwm is limited by the latency and cannot reach 100%.

One conventional solution proposes limiting the input voltage Vin of a voltage-buck switched-mode power supply so as to avoid the constraint of a high duty cycle.

However, such a solution substantially limits the working range of the power supply.

There is also another conventional solution in which it is sought to decrease the intrinsic latency of the control circuit 8 so as to increase the duty cycle.

However, a slight improvement in the duty cycle RC is obtained at the price of high complexity, and substantially increased silicon area and power consumption.

There is thus a need to provide a technical solution exhibiting low complexity, low power consumption and a small silicon footprint allowing the duty cycle of the pulse-width modulation signal, or in other words the performance of the voltage-buck switched-mode power supply, to be increased without limiting its working range.

SUMMARY

Implementations and embodiments of the invention relate to switched-mode power supplies, and more particularly to voltage-buck switched-mode power supplies driven by pulse-width modulation (PWM) signals.

According to one aspect, a method for regulating a pulse-width modulation signal intended to drive a voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator. The method comprises comparing an input voltage of the switched-mode voltage regulator with a threshold voltage and decreasing the frequency of the pulse-width modulation signal if the input voltage is lower than the threshold voltage.

Such a method advantageously makes it possible to regulate, according to the input voltage of the voltage regulator, the duty cycle of the pulse-width modulation signal simply by decreasing its frequency.

Decreasing the frequency of the pulse-width modulation signal in this way simultaneously results in an increase in the period of the pulse-width modulation signal, which advantageously increases the ripple in the current flowing through the power inductor of the switched-mode voltage regulator such that the voltage regulator is able to respond more quickly to a variation in its load.

Specifically, as explained above, the duration D2 of the second phase P2 of the period Tpwm is set by intrinsic properties of the control circuit delivering the pulse-width modulation signal.

Furthermore, as explained above, the duty cycle of the pulse-width modulation signal is equal to D1/Tpwm or 1−D2/Tpwm.

Therefore, if the minimum value of D2 is considered to be fixed, since it is defined by the intrinsic properties of the control circuit, increasing the period Tpwm of the pulse-width modulation signal allows the maximum duty cycle of the pulse-width modulation signal to be directly increased so as to increase the performance of the voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator, if need be.

According to one implementation, the operation of decreasing the frequency of the pulse-width modulation signal comprises decreasing the frequency of a clock signal that is intended to clock the pulse-width modulation signal.

Advantageously, decreasing the frequency of a clock signal in this way provides a technical solution exhibiting low complexity, low power consumption and a small footprint in terms of silicon area.

Byway of non-limiting example, the decrease is a division of the frequency of the clock signal by two.

The threshold voltage may, for example, be chosen such that when the input voltage is lower than the threshold voltage, the voltage regulator operates in a low-dropout voltage mode.

A person skilled in the art will be able to choose this threshold voltage according to the envisaged application and/or the technology used, in particular.

By way of non-limiting example, a value of the order of 2.2 V for the threshold voltage may be chosen.

Such a method thus advantageously makes it possible to adjust the duty cycle of the pulse-width modulation signal when the voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator is in low-dropout voltage regulation mode so as to dynamically improve the performance of the regulator.

According to another aspect, a device can be used for regulating a pulse-width modulation signal that is intended to drive a voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator. This device comprises a comparison module that is intended to receive an input voltage of the switched-mode voltage regulator and a threshold voltage. The comparison module is configured to compare the input voltage and the threshold voltage. A control module is configured to decrease the frequency of the pulse-width modulation signal if the input voltage is lower than the threshold voltage.

According to one embodiment, the control module is configured to decrease the frequency of the pulse-width modulation signal by dividing a clock signal that is intended to clock the pulse-width modulation signal.

According to one embodiment, the control module is configured to decrease the frequency of the pulse-width modulation signal by dividing the frequency of the clock signal by two.

As mentioned above by way of non-limiting indication, the threshold voltage may be chosen such that when the input voltage is lower than the threshold voltage, the voltage regulator operates in a low-dropout voltage mode.

According to another aspect, what is provided is a voltage-buck switched-mode power supply comprising a device for regulating a pulse-width modulation signal such as defined above and a voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator that is driven by the pulse-width modulation signal.

According to another aspect, what is provided is a power supply management unit, comprising at least one voltage-buck switched-mode power supply such as defined above.

According to yet another aspect, what is provided is a microcontroller incorporating a power supply management unit such as defined above.

According to yet another aspect, what is provided is an electronic device such as a connected object, incorporating at least one microcontroller such as defined above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other advantages and features of the invention will become apparent on examining the detailed description of completely non-limiting implementations and embodiments and the appended drawings, in which:

FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate an example of the prior art; and

FIGS. 3 to 5 schematically illustrate implementations and embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The reference 10 in FIG. 3 refers to an electronic device, here for example a connected smart device taking the form of a connected thermostat 10.

The connected thermostat 10 comprises a detection module 11 that is configured to detect ambient parameters, such as the ambient temperature and the ambient humidity around the thermostat 10. A processing module 12 is coupled to the detection module 11 and is configured to process parameters detected by the detection module 11. A communication module 13 is coupled to the processing module 12 and is configured to communicate with another connected object or a computer server via an internet network.

The processing module 12 includes a microcontroller 14, here for example an STM32® microcontroller marketed by STMicroelectronics®.

The microcontroller 14 includes a power supply management unit 15 that is configured to dynamically manage various power supplies and includes at least one oscillator 16, a finite-state machine 17 (FSM) and at least one switched-mode power supply 18 that is configured to deliver one or more stable internal supply voltages.

For the sake of simplicity, only one voltage-buck switched-mode power source 18 is illustrated here by way of example.

Reference is now made to FIG. 4 in order to illustrate the switched-mode power supply 18 in greater detail. It comprises a voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator 19 that is intended to receive an input voltage Vin and is configured to deliver an output voltage Vout that is lower than the input voltage Vin. A regulating device 20 is configured to deliver a pulse-width modulation signal Spwm to the switched-mode voltage regulator 19 so as to drive the switched-mode voltage regulator 19.

The switched-mode voltage regulator 19 may have any conventional and known structure, for example that illustrated in FIG. 1 .

The regulating device 20 includes a comparison module 21 and a control module including a circuit 22 and a block DM.

The comparison module 21 includes a comparator COM, the first input E1 of which is intended to receive the input voltage Vin of the switched-mode voltage regulator 19 and the second input E2 of which is intended to receive a threshold voltage VTH.

The comparison module 21 is configured to deliver, at its output SCOM, a comparison signal SC according to the input voltage Vin and the threshold voltage VTH.

The comparison signal SC is in a first state, for example the high state, when the input voltage Vin is lower than the threshold voltage and the comparison signal SC is in a second state, for example the low state, otherwise.

The threshold voltage VTH is chosen such that the switched-mode power supply 18 is in low-dropout voltage regulation mode when the input voltage Vin is lower than this threshold voltage VTH, which in this example is substantially equal to 2.2 V.

The control module 22, DM is intended to receive a clock signal Sclk and is configured to generate the pulse-width modulation signal Spwm in time with the clock signal Sclk.

The circuit 22 includes a frequency divider 23 that is known per se and configured to decrease the frequency of the clock signal Sclk.

By way of example, the frequency divider 23 is configured to deliver a modified clock signal Sclk′, the frequency of which is half that of the clock signal Sclk.

The circuit 22 also includes a first synchronous D flip-flop BSD1, the data input ED1 of which is intended to receive the comparison signal SC, and a second synchronous D flip-flop BSD2, the data input ED2 of which is coupled to the data output Q1 of the first flip-flop BSD1.

The first and second synchronous flip-flops BSD1 and BSD2 are clocked by the modified clock signal Sclk′.

The second synchronous flip-flop BSD2 is configured to deliver, at its output Q2, a selection signal SS that is representative of the comparison signal SC.

It should be noted that using a cascade of two flip-flops BSD1, BSD2 advantageously allows the risk of metastability, i.e. obtaining, at the output SCOM, a comparison signal SC that is asynchronous with respect to the modified clock signal Sclk′, to be substantially decreased.

The circuit 22 further includes a multiplexer 24. The first input EMUX1 of the multiplexer 24 is intended to receive the clock signal Sclk, the second input EMUX2 is intended to receive the modified clock signal Sclk′, and the selecting input is intended to receive the selection signal SS.

The multiplexer 24 is configured to deliver, at its output SMUX that is connected to the block DM, a regulated clock signal Sclkr that is intended to be used to clock in the pulse-width modulation signal Spwm.

When the input voltage Vin is lower than the threshold voltage VTH, the multiplexer that is controlled by the selection signal SS representative of the comparison signal SC selects the modified clock signal Sclk′ as the regulated clock signal Sclkr.

Otherwise, the multiplexer selects the clock signal Sclk as the regulated clock signal Sclkr.

The block DM, which is intended to receive the regulated clock signal Sclkr, is configured to generate the pulse-width modulation signal Spwm on the basis of the regulated clock signal Sclkr. The block DM may have any conventional and known structure.

The upper portion of FIG. 5 illustrates the case in which the input voltage Vin is higher than or equal to the threshold voltage VTH.

In this case, the period of the pulse-width modulation signal Spwm is equal to Tpwm and the value of the duty cycle RC is 1−D2/Tpwm, where D2 denotes the duration of the second phase P2.

The lower portion of FIG. 5 illustrates the case in which the input voltage Vin is lower than the threshold voltage VTH.

In this case, the frequency of the pulse-width modulation signal Spwm in time with the modified clock signal Sclk′ is decreased and the period Tpwm′ of the pulse-width modulation signal Spwm is therefore increased with respect to that Tpwm of the pulse-width modulation signal Spwm in time with the clock signal Sclk.

Specifically, the duration D2 of the second phase P2 is fixed since it is defined by the intrinsic properties of the control module and the duration D1′ of the first phase P1 increases with the increase in the period Tpwm′, and the duty cycle RC′ of the pulse-width modulation signal Spwm in time with the modified clock signal Sclk′ is consequently increased.

Thus, the maximum duty cycle of the pulse-width modulation signal Spwm is increased so as to improve the performance of the voltage-buck switched-mode power supply 18, in particular when the supply 18 is operating in low-dropout voltage regulation mode because of its low input voltage Vin. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for increasing performance of a voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator, the method comprising: generating a first pulse-width modulation signal based on a clock signal, the first pulse-width modulation signal comprising a first period (T1) and an off duration (D2) corresponding to a first duty cycle, wherein the off duration (D2) is an intrinsic pulse-width modulation signal generation latency; decreasing a frequency of the clock signal to form a modified clock signal; passing the modified clock signal to a digital modulation circuit as a regulated clock signal; and generating a second pulse-width modulation signal based on the regulated clock signal using the digital modulation circuit, the second pulse-width modulation signal comprising a second period (T2) and the same off duration (D2), wherein the decreased frequency of the modified clock signal causes T2 to be greater than T1 such that a second duty cycle of the second pulse-width modulation signal is increased relative to the first duty cycle.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein decreasing the frequency of the clock signal comprises dividing the frequency of the clock signal using a frequency divider.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein decreasing the frequency of the clock signal comprises dividing the frequency of the clock signal by two.
 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: comparing an input voltage of the voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator with a threshold voltage; and decreasing the frequency of the clock signal when the input voltage is lower than the threshold voltage.
 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the threshold voltage is chosen such that when the input voltage is lower than the threshold voltage, the voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator operates in a low-dropout voltage mode.
 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein generating the second pulse-width modulation signal based on the regulated clock signal comprises selecting the regulated clock signal based on a selection received from a pair of flip-flops coupled to an output of a comparator.
 7. A device for increasing performance of a voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator, the device comprising: a digital modulation circuit configured to generate a first pulse-width modulation signal based on a clock signal, the first pulse-width modulation signal comprising a first period (T1) and an off duration (D2) corresponding to a first duty cycle, wherein the off duration (D2) is an intrinsic pulse-width modulation signal generation latency, and generate a second pulse-width modulation signal based on a regulated clock signal, the second pulse-width modulation signal comprising a second period (T2) and the same off duration (D2); and a controller configured to decrease a frequency of the clock signal to form a modified clock signal, wherein the decreased frequency of the modified clock signal causes T2 to be greater than T1 such that a second duty cycle of the second pulse-width modulation signal is increased relative to the first duty cycle; and pass the modified clock signal to the digital modulation circuit as the regulated clock signal.
 8. The device according to claim 7, wherein the controller is configured to decrease the frequency of the clock signal by dividing the frequency of the clock signal by two.
 9. The device according to claim 7, wherein the controller further comprises: a comparator configured to receive an input voltage of the voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator and a threshold voltage, and compare the input voltage and the threshold voltage; and wherein the controller is further configured to decrease the frequency of the clock signal to form the modified clock signal when the input voltage is lower than the threshold voltage.
 10. The device according to claim 9, wherein the threshold voltage is chosen such that the voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator operates in a low-dropout voltage mode when the input voltage is lower than the threshold voltage.
 11. The device of according to claim 9, wherein the controller further comprises: a multiplexer coupled to the digital modulation circuit; a first flip-flop having a data input coupled to an output of the comparator; and a second flip-flop having a data input coupled to a data output of the first flip-flop and a data output coupled to a selecting input of the multiplexer.
 12. The device according to claim 7, further comprising the voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator, which is configured to be driven by the first pulse-width modulation signal and the second pulse-width modulation signal.
 13. The device according to claim 12, wherein the device is part of a power supply management unit.
 14. The device according to claim 13, wherein the device is part of a microcontroller.
 15. The device according to claim 14, wherein the device is part of a connected smart device.
 16. A device comprising: a voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator; a clock signal node configured to generate a clock signal; a frequency divider having an input coupled to the clock signal node, the frequency divider being configured to decrease a frequency of the clock signal to form a modified clock signal; a signal generator having an output coupled to the voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator, the signal generator being configured to generate a first pulse-width modulation signal based on the clock signal, the first pulse-width modulation signal comprising a first period (T1) and an off duration (D2) corresponding to a first duty cycle, wherein the off duration (D2) is an intrinsic pulse-width modulation signal generation latency, and generate a second pulse-width modulation signal based on a regulated clock signal, the second pulse-width modulation signal comprising a second period (T2) and the same off duration (D2), wherein the decreased frequency of the modified clock signal causes T2 to be greater than T1 such that a second duty cycle of the second pulse-width modulation signal is increased relative to the first duty cycle; and a multiplexer having an output coupled to an input of the signal generator, a first input coupled to the clock signal node, and a second input coupled to an output of the frequency divider, the multiplexer being configured to pass the modified clock signal to the signal generator as the regulated clock signal.
 17. The device according to claim 16, wherein the frequency divider is configured to decrease the frequency of the clock signal by dividing the frequency of the clock signal by two.
 18. The device according to claim 16, further comprising: a comparator having a first input coupled to the voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator and a second input coupled to a threshold voltage, the comparator being configured to receive an input voltage from the voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator and the threshold voltage, and compare the input voltage and the threshold voltage; and wherein the frequency divider is further configured to decrease the frequency of the clock signal to form the modified clock signal when the input voltage is lower than the threshold voltage.
 19. The device according to claim 18, wherein the threshold voltage is chosen such that the voltage-buck switched-mode voltage regulator operates in a low-dropout voltage mode when the input voltage at the first input of the comparator is lower than the threshold voltage.
 20. The device according to claim 18, further comprising: a first flip-flop having a data input coupled to the output of the comparator and a clock input coupled to the output of the frequency divider; and a second flip-flop having a data input coupled to a data output of the first flip-flop and a clock input coupled to the output of the frequency divider, the second flip-flop having a data output coupled to a selecting input of the multiplexer. 